What is NOT one of the essential elements for Mobbing and Rioting?

The essential elements of mobbing and rioting focus on the actions and characteristics of the individuals involved in the disturbance rather than the presence of external parties such as law enforcement.

A mob is defined by the collective behavior of a group acting in a coordinated, often illegal manner. This implies that the existence of a mob itself—comprised of individuals who share a common purpose or intent—constitutes a core element of the offense.

An illegal combination acting together signifies that the individuals within the mob are not only present but are also engaged in activities that violate the law, further solidifying the notion of collective wrongdoing.

Lastly, alarm and breach of the peace relate to the impact of the mob's activity on the surrounding environment, indicating that the actions taken contribute to public disorder and anxiety.

The presence of law enforcement, however, is not necessary for an event to qualify as mobbing or rioting. Law enforcement may respond to the situation, but their involvement does not define the criminal behavior of the mob itself. Thus, it is not an essential element in establishing the occurrence of mobbing and rioting.